This gives you enough time to land the hel- reference. However, as the helicopter begins to acceler- ate, the rotor system becomes more efficient due to theFORWARD FLIGHT increased airflow. When the velocity of the air is slowed, static driving the main rotor system and accessories frompressure increases, resulting in compressed, high-pres- the engine gearbox. As the angle of attack is increased, the separationpoint starts near the trailing edge of the airfoil and pro- The difference in surface velocity accounts for a differ-gresses forward. side to side axis. This movement is absorbed by blade bending.called flapping and is designed to compensate for dis-symetry of lift. These adjustments are done Clutch Actuator Engageautomatically and no action is required of the pilot (Internal Limit Switches Clutchother than starting and shutting down. The rotating swash plate is mounted to the sta- Shutoff Primertionary swash plate by means of a bearing and isallowed to rotate with the main rotor mast. When attack by changing the pitch angle through the use ofthe helicopter is hovering in a no-wind condition, rela- the flight controls. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The airfoils were also designed to of rotation, the blades tend to flap, feather, lead, andbe symmetrical, which means they had the same cam- lag to a greater degree.ber (curvature) on both the upper and lower surfaces. This system ensures a more even fuel distri- +bution in the cylinders and better vaporization, which 24V Starter Releasein turn, promotes more efficient use of fuel. Based on the author's EASA approved ATPL(H) modular distance learning course, this book provides all the material required for the EASA exams, including the PPL(H), CPL(H) and ATPL(H), plus a few extras, like the Instrument Rating. rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov. 2 -- Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook-Airframe Vol. Drag Resultant Helicopter Weight MovementFigure 3-16. As such, it has the properties of gyroscopic maximum increase in angle of attack occurs. In this case, you are using altitude aspotential energy and converting it to kinetic energy dur- Figure 3-21. Movement of the of the cyclic right or left causes thedicular to, the tip-path plane. Rotational relative tive wind speed acting on the retreating blade iswind combines with induced flow to form the resultant reduced by the helicopters forward airspeed.relative wind. The combination of decreased occupants. Theengage the starter. Doubling the airspeed increases the parasite drag four times. Form drag results from the turbulent wake caused by the separation of airflow from the surface of a struc-THRUST ture. Compiled by the Federal Aviation Administration, this handbook is the ultimate technical manual for anyone who flies or wants to learn to fly a helicopter. Since changessive carbon buildup on the plugs. This prevented excessive blade droop when rotor disc decreases. Some modern rotor sys-no contact with the outer drum, which is attached to the tems use a combination of these types.transmission input shaft. ples of the rotor systems mentioned above. This is normal after an engine start since trical malfunction. This allows the blades to flap together as aunit. With a change in angletorque pedal movement, and tail rotor thrust. The combination of the inflow up through theforce vectors. There are various types of dual-needle tachome-pled to each other, the system is said to be a direct-drive ters, however, when the needles are superimposed or married,engine or fixed turbine. A big thanx for your efforts. This drifting tendency is called translating tendency. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. requires adjustment of the throttle for fine tuning. forward. The gyroplane may have wings, be either tractor or pusher configured, and could be turbine or propeller powered. of attack comes a change in drag, which affects the speed or r.p.m. They may be in a tricycle or four point configuration. However, in mostIf you fail to enrich the mixture during a descent from cases, you should keep the needle out of the yellow archigh altitude, it normally becomes too lean. [Figure 5-10] Because of the sudden cooling that takesplace in the carburetor, icing can occur even on warmrouting air across a heat source, such as an exhaust driven alternator. This systemto maintain r.p.m. ram air into the cabin. An official publication of the Federal Aviation Administration, this is the ultimate technical manual for anyone who flies or wants to learn to fly a helicopter. Interesting Discovery Insets expand upon ideas presented in the text. ISBN 0-88487-275-0. drag increases, while induced drag decreases. This is important in helicopterPARASITE DRAG performance.Parasite drag is present any time the helicopter is movingthrough the air. JavaScript is disabled. Iffigure 3-9, the retreating blade angle of attack isincreased and the advancing blade angle of attack isdecreased resulting in a tipping forward of the tip-pathplane, since maximum deflection takes place 90 laterwhen the blades are at the rear and front, respectively.3-4lift and thrust are greater than weight and drag, the hel- In straight-and-level, unaccelerated forward flight, lifticopter ascends vertically. Relative wind may be reached. The piston then air, which is then fed into the combustion chambermoves back toward the cylinder head on the exhaust where atomized fuel is injected into it. [Figure 5-5]needle shows an increase by moving toward the enginetachometer needle. Because the rotor disc acts like a while hovering or when making hovering turns. Bumped for the updated links in the first post. This Driven Drivinginclination supplies thrust, which tends to accelerate Region Regionthe rotation of the blade. However, if "Pilot's Operating Handbook" is used as the main title instead of "Rotorcraft Flight Manual," a statement must be included on the title page indicating that the document is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approved Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM). The transmission can then exceed the speed of the engine. HYDRAULICSThis may mean the alternator or generator is mal-functioning, or the electrical load is excessive. Blade Rotation Helicopters can also be equipped with floats for water operations, or skis for landing on snow or soft terrain. Each rotor blade is attached to the rotor hub by a Airframe Transmission horizontal hinge, called the flapping hinge, which per- mits the blades to flap up and down. An autopilot has a control panel in the cock-icopter with normal control pit that allows you to select the desired functions, as well as engage the autopilot.STABILITY AUGMENTATIONS SYSTEMS For safety purposes, an automatic disengage feature isSome helicopters incorporate stability augmentations usually included which automatically disconnects thesystems (SAS) to aid in stabilizing the helicopter in autopilot in heavy turbulence or when extreme flightflight and in a hover. A twist grip throttle is usually mounted on the end CORRELATOR / GOVERNORof the collective lever. The Rotorcraft Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for their private, commercial, or flight instructor pilot certificates with a helicopter or gyroplane class rating. Disregard any Helicopter information presented. The use ofsuch language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of FederalRegulations (14 CFR). likely to occur when temperatures are below 21C (70F) and the relative humidity is above 80 percent.CARBURETOR The likelihood of icing increases as temperature decreases down to 0C (32F), and as relative humidityIn a carburetor system, air is mixed with vaporized fuel as increases. When a rotor blade flaps upward, the center of mass of that blade moves closer to the axis of rotation and blade acceleration takes place in order to conserve angular momentum. UH-60 Airloads . Drag Total Drag ParasiteNonlifting components of the helicopter, such as the Dragcabin, rotor mast, tail, and landing gear, contribute to par- Minimumasite drag. Air con- The anti-icing system found on most turbine-poweredditioning provides better cooling but it is more com- helicopters uses engine bleed air. An over-voltage control may be5-8incorporated to prevent excessive voltage, which may expect. cally between the pilots knees or on a teetering bar from a single cyclic located in the center of the helicopter. 1: H8083-31 Vol. cyclic forward or aft causes the helicopter to tilt in that direction. The majority of lift is the result of decreasedThe upper half of the venturi tube can be replaced by pressure above the blade, rather than the increasedlayers of undisturbed air. Forces acting on the helicopter during rearwardthe cyclic forward. 3-9driven region, the driving region, and the stall region. The result is excess power over that which is required to hover. This ishelicopter rotor blade, which provides aerodynamic called reflexing. Using this type of rotor blade allowsforce when it interacts with a moving stream of air. The procedures contained in this guide apply to helicopter operations conducted by providers and users of helicopters from participating agencies. This guide addresses both incident and resource helicopter operations. Groundlated rotor systems since the blades are generally effect also restricts the generation of blade tip vorticesunderslung with respect to the rotor hub, and the due to the downward and outward airflow making achange in the distance of the center of mass from the larger portion of the blade produce lift. This way, as the fuel before it reaches the engine. The eBook edition of this book is extensively bookmarked, searchable, printable, and fully compatible . So, I've seen on here that one key way to study for the SIFT is to read the FAA rotorcraft handbook. This restricts the flow of the fuel/airmixture, varies from one aircraft to another. More sharing options. Evenlift and thrust determines the direction of movement of though the surface appears smooth, it may be quitethe helicopter. 2-5to the relative wind, the lift is inclined aft by the same with increasing airspeed, parasite drag is the major causeamount. The In a fully articulated rotor system, each rotor blade istransmission input shaft begins to rotate, causing the attached to the rotor hub through a series of hinges,rotor to turn, slowly at first, but increasing as the friction which allow the blade to move independently of theincreases between the clutch shoes and transmission others. Four forces acting on a helicopter in forward flight. Since torque varies with changes in power, in between, it has a zero pitch angle. Raising the collective pitch control increases the pitch angle the same amount on all blades. Ace your FAA helicopter license exam with help from ASA's Helicopter Flying Handbook.The handbook is the authoritative source on rotorcraft flying and the primary source of material for the FAA exams. ), and gonna review the early sections that are referred to in the Gyro manual, so I'll be good and ready to pass the checkride test; as well as to keep my bony old butt outta harm's way. Yumpu releases magazines, documents and catalogs on the internet. [Figure 3-18]tail. and require coordination of all collective and throttle movements. The FAA's handbook on instrument flying. Manufacturers have the option of includinga tenth section on Safety and Operational Tips and an You can find definitions, abbreviations, explanations ofalphabetical index at the end of the handbook. At the option of thePRELIMINARY PAGES manufacturer, metric and other conversion tables may also be included.While rotorcraft flight manuals may appear similar forthe same make and model of aircraft, each flight man- OPERATING LIMITATIONS The Operating Limitations section contains only those limitations required by regulation or that are necessary for the safe operation of the rotorcraft, powerplant, sys- tems, and equipment. In a semirigid andable mass, it is free to oscillate either longitudinally or rigid rotor system, coning results in blade bending. ALIFT BMAGNUS EFFECT Trailing EdgeThe explanation of lift can best be explained by looking Stagnation Pointat a cylinder rotating in an airstream. [Figure 5-11]. The Rotorcraft Flight Manual is a regulatory docu-ment in terms of the maneuvers, procedures, and operating GENERAL INFORMATIONlimitations described therein. A fuel quantity gauge located on the directly into the intake port of the cylinders prior topilots instrument panel shows the amount of fuel engine start. greater than the actual weight, the helicopter gains altitude; if thrust is less than weight, the helicopter loses altitude.POWERED FLIGHT The drag of a hovering helicopter is mainly induced dragIn powered flight (hovering, vertical, forward, side- incurred while the blades are producing lift. combustion ceases. You can, however, change the angle ofblowing over the blades creates a relative wind. The component of lift that is acting in a rear- of drag at higher airspeeds. In authoritative and understandable language . [Figure 2-8] Chord Line Leading EdgeFigure 2-6. In this case,charging ammeter indicates that the battery is being the circuit breaker continues to pop, indicating an elec-charged. Therefore, as the enginea stationary hover in a no-wind condition. Rotorcraft Flying Handbook - Normal / Steep Approach Rotorcraft Flying Handbook - Normal / Steep Approach. A dis- ment panel may be installed to show the malfunction ofcharging ammeter means the electrical load is an electrical component.exceeding the output of the alternator or generator,and the battery is helping to supply electrical power. [Figure 2-11]airstream (Magnus Effect) and creating differentialpressure on the airfoil (Bernoullis Principle). usually constructed from composite material.Dampers are usually used to prevent excess back Elastomeric bearings may also be used in place ofand forth movement around the drag hinge. However, in a helicopter there up the engine without engaging the rotor.is a different relationship between the engine and therotor. The most common landing gear is a skid type gear, which is suitable for landing on various types of sur-ANTITORQUE SYSTEMS faces. This Airman Knowledge Testing Supplement is designed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Flight Standards Service. These systems are very useful ing is ram air cooling. FAA-H-8083-21 Rotorcraft Flying Handbook This Handbook is a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for their private, commercial, or flight instructor pilot certificates with a rotorcraft class rating. The typical components of a tail rotor drive sys-r.p.m. As the angle ofBecause the rotor blades were very long and slender, it attack increases, the center of pressure moves forward.was necessary to incorporate more structural rigidity If it moves ahead of the pivot point, the pitch of theinto them. FAA-H-8083-21 Rotorcraft Flying Handbook This Handbook is a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for their private, commercial, or flight instructor pilot certificates with a rotorcraft class rating. These manuals are a coordinated effort of the US Army, US Marine Corps, US Navy, US Air Force, and US Coast Guard. All services participate in the sling load certification program begun by the Army in 1984. We 2-3Leading Edge ward. As engine speed increases,centrifugal force causes the clutch shoes to move out- FULLY ARTICULATED ROTOR SYSTEMward and begin sliding against the outer drum. Thisreorientation of the rotor disc changes the direction inwhich total rotor thrust acts so that the helicopters for-ward speed slows, but can be corrected with cyclic input. A Most helicopters, other than smaller piston poweredloadmeter displays the load placed on the alternator helicopters, incorporate the use of hydraulic actuatorsor generator by the electrical equipment. Located in Sebring,FL. The FAA now has two Rotorcraft flying Handbooks available for PDF download. The main components of the transmission sys- [Figure 5-4]tem are the main rotor transmission, tail rotor drivesystem, clutch, and freewheeling unit. This warm air is heated by the exhaust Airframe and rotor anti-icing may be found on somemanifold but is not exhaust gas. angle of attack in the driving region than in the drivenFigure 3-22 shows four blade sections that illustrate region. Downward Increased DeflectionGYROSCOPIC PRECESSION Figure 3-9. For current Helicopter information refer to FAA-S-8083-21A, Helicopter Flying Handbook. Before Takeoff Resultant BladeCounteracting translating tendency, in a helicopter with acounterclockwise main rotor system, causes the left skid Lift Angleto hang lower while hovering.

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